Leadership and characteristic
And their behavioral characteristic
Reflection Paper #1
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Leadership and Organization
Marie Bengtsson IADM
September 10, 2009
Analyzing Types of Leadership
And their behavioral characteristic
Contents
Step 1: Introduction
Purpose of Study
Definition of Leadership
Step 2: Types of Leadership
Types by Motivating Style
Types by Delegating Style
Types by Training Style
Types by Risk taking Style
Step 3: Case Comparison
Democratic
Democratic
Conclusion
Step 4: Conclusion
Step 1: Introduction
Purpose of Study
Humanity has been kept focus on leadership for a long history and the leadership lecture is regarded to be a basic course at the business school. There are millions of books related on leadership in library and many books and articles are still on progress to be published. No matter they want or not, they may lead others sometimes and they may be lead by others. As organizations are being bigger and professionalized, the role of leader is being more important than ever. The Chinese proverb, “强將下無弱兵 (there is no dumb soldier with powerful general)” also insists the importance of leader.
Traditionally, they thought the leader is just a man who has a right to make a decision but this is so not true. The role of leader is to help organization to achieve target through strategic planning and suggesting a direction to follow. Excellent leader should suggest vision for organization so that the organization can work through. If the leader didn’t suggest vision properly, he/she may drive the organization to threat.
According to textbooks about leadership, leader should have (1) humbleness (2) fairness (3) patient to be listener (4) self-passion.
“A great leader never sets himself above his followers
except in carrying responsibilities.” (Jules Ormont)
However many leaders in real life are not very like as what textbooks says. Besides, there are more fast-grown up companies with dictators (strict and strong leader) than with angels (humble and kind leader). This is because organization’s pattern is related with social structure, culture, leader’s characteristic. Many cases can be found especially from far-east countries like as Korea, Japan. This is because Japanese business technique is oriented from United States which they put “time is gold” on the first and Japanese samurai culture with Korean military culture (2 years of military service is a duty in Korea) also might affect so that recognition that “what boss says is a peremptory command” is prevalent.
Hence this paper will be a comparison and analysis on leaders’ characteristic and their style between (A) dictators and (B) angels who are leading big companies.
Definition of Leadership
The leadership is a compass that shows followers direction to their visionary target. Cooperate environment of 21th century is like sailing to unknown ocean. When they sail to Unknown Ocean, the compass is essential. Once compass makes wrong direction, no one may predict whether they are sailing to new continent or to hell.
Many scholars studied on leadership and made their own definition. Following are major representatives. (Kibok Baek, 2000)
|
Bass(1990) |
Communicating process between members to structure or re-structure on their recognition and expectation. |
|
Hersey & Blanchard (1982) |
The affection on activities of organization |
|
Yukl(1998) |
The affection on analysis, targeting, strategic choice, structuring, motivation, relation, technique and support. |
|
Nanus(1992) |
Transformation process that make an organization to be one with bigger latent faculties through suggesting vision |
|
Katz & Kahn (1978) |
The affection that makes a business routine to be better that creates more result. |
|
Jago (1982) |
Non-coercive affection that suggest direction and control their behavior. |
|
Lord & Maher(1993) |
The process that get recognized as a leader by followers. |
|
Bryman (1986) |
It happens when one get nomination as a leader. |
|
Peter F.Drucker (1997) |
The definition of a 'leader' is someone who has 'followers.' |
Although many scholars discussed on this, they couldn’t make agreement. (Keesan Cheong, 2002) Bennis & Nanus (1985) insisted that there are more than 350 definitions on leadership. As a result, there are many definitions on leadership as the numbers of scholars who studied it. (Bass, 1990)
Basically leadership is (1) affect to followers (2) responsible for what organization did (3) it happens by interaction (4) not related with title of position.
However sometimes, reaction on leader definition on leadership is different by groups. For example, conservative group seems fond on official title as a leader.
Step 2: Types of Leadership
Classification of leadership is made by Burns and organized by Bass at first. (Burns, 1979; Bass, 1985) They regarded Instrumental leadership transactional leadership as a traditional than Transformational leadership. However their classification is incomplete. Their classification is from leader’s general character. Type classification should be divided by situation like as motivating styles, delegating styles, training styles and risk taking styles because leaders’ characteristics can be changed by situations.
Types by Motivating Style
· Instrumental leadership – this is related with control low-class employees, organizing, directing. It motivates employees with rules and specific work schedule.
· Transactional leadership – this is related with transaction. It stimulates employees’ desire through providing compensation like as position and salary so that.
· Transformational leadership – The method to motivate their employee is different with Instrumental Leadership or Transactional leadership. Once the former method was a “vertical descent” type of motivation that followers are being stimulated by leaderships’ decision, transformational leadership is a “vertical ascent” type of motivation that organization’s vision is being stimulated by members’ vision. It describes the organization can be transformed through leader’s inspiring and intellectual stimulation on each of followers. It requires more leaders’ charisma than traditional way.
· Servant leadership - This insists that leader is to serve their followers before order them. Followers can get autonomy, morality, collective through leaders’ respect on each follower’s opinion. (Robert K. Greenleaf, 1977)
|
Type |
Instrumental |
Transactional |
Transformational |
Servant |
|
Action base |
Order |
Desire |
Royal summon |
Sense of collective |
|
Motivation |
rule |
Compensation |
Personal development |
Respect |
|
Age |
Traditional Modern
|
|||
|
Control |
|
|||
In addition, there are strategic leadership, empowering leadership, visionary and issue leadership. Choosing on leadership type is depends on their situation and condition. For example, the McDonald’s leader can’t insist their part time worker who is just hired to have a sense of collective or royal summon. Instrumental way or partially transactional way will be effective. On the other hand, If the leader of a nonprofit organization like as NGO tries to make strict rule or compensation system for volunteers, repulsion will be happened. The leader needs to make unity and collectivity through respect his/her followers.
To make a conclusion, if leader values much on business process and never care followers, they never will enjoy their work. Leader should create chance that let followers to learn more and accord followers’ vision with organization’s vision.
Types by Delegating Style
Traditionally, leader was used to make a decision and order to his/her employees. However many of present leaders delegate their power to their followers. This also can be classified by its style.
· Authoritarian (Autocratic) - the leader has all power to make a decision and followers just can take orders from leader. This method was been used traditionally in many countries and still being used in Conservative Asia countries like as Korea or Japan, etc.
· Participative (Democratic) – the leader shares his/her power to make a decision with followers. This method is useful in team project and being used in many western countries.
· Delegate (Free reign) – the leader delegates all power to followers and takes charge of only final approval. Usually many high-ranking officers use this method.
Although there are three kinds of delegating styles, leader should use all of them by their situation or followers. For example, delegating all processes to new employee who showed up for the first time makes no sense. Leader should use autocratic and help new employee to get used to his/her job fast. And leader should use democratic for a employee who is doing his/her job very well, and leader should delegate all power to a employee who is doing better than leader. And in many case, leader will use those three kinds of methods at the same time. For example, when CEO established new vision, he/she will proclaim it (autocratic) and discuss with followers (democratic) and leave them to activate it (delegate).
Types by Training Style
Various methods can be used when leader trains new employees.
· Coercive – Just do what I tell you! -
taking a coercive manner and ordering to new employees. Sometimes this
can make new employee can’t get used to new environment.
· Teacher
– This is and that is – explaining every detail process. This prevent
new employee making mistakes. But it also intercepts creativity of new
employees to make process better through disturbing them estimate the
process themselves.
· Pacesetting
– Just watch and learn – helping new employees to be assimilated to
organizational culture through doing what new employees should do
without any explanation. This can prevent conflict between new employees
and culture. This is being used by servant leaders.
· Coaching
– Try it. I’ll help you – advising and encouraging new employees to
learn business process themselves. This helps new employees to create
their own way to process business and being creative.
· Laissez-faire
– Okay, Do it! – letting new employees take responsibility on their
business without teaching anything. This helps new employees to study
themselves so that they can be active employees. But they can make many
mistakes at first.
· Competitive
– I will see who is better – making new employees compete each other so
that they can learn business process faster. There are (1) individual
competition and (2) team competition.
· Participative – Let’s do it together – processing a project with new employees as team mates. This helps new employees to get acquaintance faster.
Types by Risk taking Style
They usually hesitate to take risk. Leader seems hesitate or afraid of risk, since leader also is human. However, many successful leaders enjoy well-considered risk or they sometimes even create new risk themselves.
· Risk Avoider – Usually managers (not leaders) like as public officers or senior officers with long-term tenure.
· Risk Taker – Many leaders take considered risk to create new business chance.
· Risk Creator - Many successful leaders don’t wait risks or business chances happen in front of them. They sometimes create risky business chance themselves. Or they create just risk to prevent their organization being indolent.
Conclusion
Korean economists are analyzing on the leadership style of the president of Korea (Lee Myungbak) as “Opportunistic leadership” to compare with former presidents’ (No moohyun, Kim daejoong) leadership which is “Paternalistic leadership”.
There are various kinds of leaderships and its number is just as many as successful leaders. By business environment being changed, new type of leadership will be formed continuously and studying of leadership style can’t be finished.
Step 3: Case Comparison
Democratic
· Google
– Employees can use 20% of their working hours on the project whatever
they want. If they found no project on progress, they can suggest one
and even lead the project.
· Microsoft
– Employees can adjust working hours as they want. Some of them who
have severe night-owl symptoms can even work at mid-night. They just
need to finish their work before deadline.
· Jack welch GE former-president met employees everyday to talk and encourage them.
Autocratic
· Samsung – Employees can’t even imagine seeing president. Planning department takes charge of idea creation and rest of employees concentrate on general business. Sometimes they have to arrive to office at 6AM and leave at 10PM.
Samsung is now one of world best companies. And its brand value is ranked on 20th, estimated about $12,553,000,000. Many Japanese and Chinese companies have similar structure. And they are still growing up even faster than Google or Microsoft!
Conclusion
Generally speaking, cooperate structures are different depends on culture, environment. Each of autocratic leadership and democratic leadership has merit and demerit points. Merit points for autocratic policy are; (1) the company can focus on exploration or vision without any decentralization (2) they can minimize the possibility of failure. And demerit points for autocratic policy are; (1) the company’s destiny is upon leader's ability (2) lack of diversity, creativity, participation (3) exclusion of possibility of extra success
Step 4: Conclusion
There are various styles of leadership and choosing of leadership is depends on environment of the cooperation. Many autocratic companies including Samsung and Sony grown up to be world best and there is no border between right and wrong answer. However leader’s misjudgment can drive organization to crisis and leader’s ability affects enormous to organization’s fortune. In consideration ability of followers are growing up faster than stubborn leaders, leaders need more consideration on choosing leadership style.
Peter F.Drucker (1997) wrote that there will be no division between boss and followers and ordering and supervising will not be comprehensible in the knowledge management age. Recent news articles on entrepreneur trend say many Korean companies including Samsung re-educating their employees to induct servant leadership concept.
As knowledge develops there are many followers who are better than leader.
It is sure for organization can’t possess followers with traditional way. Hence, diversion of paradigm to servant leadership which means leader should serve for followers rather than traditional leadership is essential. Leaders should understand their responsibility, analyze entrepreneur environment and suggest right vision to followers with right strategic plan.
For further study; as knowledge and society developing, newer types of leaders are getting focused. This study needs more type classification in more situations.
References
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Keesan Cheong, Relationship between Middle Managers' Behavioral Characteristics by Leadership Style and Followers' Trust, Seoul National University, Feb, 2002.
Kibok Baek, Issue Leadership, Changminsa, 2000.
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